IEEE Region 5

Robotic odor source localization is a technology that enables a mobile robot or autonomous agent to locate hidden odor sources in unknown environments. This approach has significant potential for replacing human searchers in hazardous situations, such as detecting chemical leaks or gas emissions. The key challenge lies in designing effective navigation algorithms that allow the robot to respond appropriately to sensory inputs. This presentation explores various olfactory-based navigation strategies, including AI-driven algorithms and semantic navigation approaches that fuse visual and olfactory data. The presentation also highlights real-world applications that demonstrate the capabilities and impact of robotic odor source localization systems. [] Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/486172

This transformative webinar explores the art of strategic influence as a cornerstone for professional growth and success. Participants will learn how to effectively persuade, inspire trust, and shape decisions through powerful communication and influence techniques. Whether you're aiming to build your personal brand, advocate for change, or unlock new opportunities, this session equips you with the confidence and skills to take your career to new heights. Speaker(s): Dr. Jessica Bian, Dr. Karen Panetta Agenda: IEEE-USA's free webinars/events are designed to help you find your next job, maintain your career, negotiate an appropriate salary, understand ethical considerations in the workplace and learn about other career-building strategies and public policy developments that affect your profession. For information regarding upcoming webinars or to visit our vast webinar archive, please visit: (https://ieeeusa.org/careers/webinars/) (https://newsletter.smartbrief.com/rest/sign-up/2479DAB0-4089-43E7-925D-86AE0C1E6244?campaign=e0d52cef) Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/485828

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) implement Machine Learning (ML) algorithms that can address competitive resource allocation problems together with detection and mitigation of anomalous behavior. In this talk, we discuss their use in next-generation (NextG) communications within the context of cognitive networks to address i) spectrum sharing, ii) detecting anomalies, and iii) mitigating security attacks. GANs have the following advantages. First, they can learn and synthesize field data, which can be costly, time consuming, and non-repeatable. Second, they enable pre-training classifiers by using semi-supervised data. Third, they facilitate increased resolution. Fourth, they enable recovering corrupted bits in the spectrum. The talk will provide basics of GANs, a comparative discussion on different kinds of GANs, performance measures for GANs in computer vision and image processing as well as wireless applications, several datasets for wireless applications, performance measures for general classifiers, a survey of the literature on GANs for i)–iii) above, some simulation results, and future research directions. In the spectrum sharing problem, connections to cognitive wireless networks are established. Simulation results show that a particular GAN implementation is better than a convolutional auto encoder for an outlier detection problem in spectrum sensing. Speaker(s): Ender Ayanoglu, Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/466461

IEEE Central Texas Section Monthly ExCom Meeting Agenda: Officer Reports Committee Reports Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/469218

Monthly Lone Star Section Executive Committee Meeting Agenda: Room: CR 1.102, Bldg: 168, Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas, United States, 78238, Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/455833

Monthly virtual planning meeting to discuss upcoming programs and other chapter business. Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/486887

Join us Thursday, June 5th from 4–6 PM at The Colorado Keg House for our first CROWS HOUR of the summer! This free networking event brings together AOC members, interested guests, and our professional peers from the IEEE AESS-SPS Denver/High Plains Chapter. Enjoy great conversations, cold beverages, and make valuable connections across the CEMA/EMSO, spectrum research, and engineering communities! RSVP Today (https://nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fmembers.milehighcrows.org%2Fe3t%2FCtc%2FOS%2B113%2Fd2Cv9W04%2FVWKyrP2lcBn6Mfhq_VSwfr5VSnzBh5x4qPVN6YWdrH5kvg0W50kH_H6lZ3mVN5Ch_xPnfHTzW3mLRQf31sLBhW49H9tj6LtZW7W5L-FDZ5TDmQFW7Y8_f069J5bgW6Cfwsj1S2RHwW6Tjn4s91j2CMW66ltvd5Tkv_nW931wMZ1wVr6MW85hBCx3LvKFHW7dTRD93qYNJ5W5zBBp714hhyqN8BJ_pnWZnV9VR9_X13JhXVbW2VMyY25V-g3QW9kwypX4QN7pSW5Bjjpj1DdTMmMm1wCWsxfVcVhBLF251YNWZVzy4Hf1-zzLXW9fhPqx1x0yFtW3Nxy-f6J6ZWrW6p2vdF186rXZN6s-WxGNRKWrW2pPljW7T8pNgW3brcbf1-WDjjW50lCFK6xpNYqN1_Bq9Ql1V5ZW7w9MB82ltnCFW5-MkW96JvZs9W1YPcJQ4Hp-KqN2n63wTBNCy9f34zLGY04&data=05%7C02%7Cbrian.breitsch%40colorado.edu%7C9937f1a1da65450733b508dd9d4d7a15%7C3ded8b1b070d462982e4c0b019f46057%7C1%7C0%7C638839678297362680%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=cb4csJMlnXducevw3BYeVHBtmhLuIrvJFi2SgTPIyo0%3D&reserved=0) and click "Yes" to attend and select the next event you'd like to participate in (i.e., June 5th). Want to support our mission as an individual? Select "Attend and Give!" to make a $10 individual contribution during registration. Become a Sponsor Organizations can sponsor at Platinum, Gold, or Silver levels during registration and gain visibility for the month through our LinkedIn page, newsletters, and other communications platforms. All proceeds benefit the Mile High AOC chapter's Spectrum Forward Student Opportunities Fund! Co-sponsored by: Association of Old Crows - MHCC 8001 Arista Pl Suite 110, Broomfield, Colorado, United States, 80021

Biometric technology was incepted in 1958 in a very non-scientific way while recording inked fingerprints of people on paper on a whim. Then biometric technology was practiced and a scientific basis was established during finding the identity of Afgan Girl Sharbat Gula by National Geographic photographer McCurry and Prof. John Daugman. The talk will introduce the basic concepts of biometric security, beginning with the history of the development of biometric technology and how it has become the backbone of security in several daily-used products like personal computers or mobile phones. Apart from such applications, the talk will emphasize how biometrics helps to find criminals in the FBI and how helps to recognize a person in India using the nationwide database AADHAAR. The latest usage of deep learning techniques for achieving superior performances from biometric systems will also be highlighted in this talk. Co-sponsored by: Clifton Reddy <[email protected]> Speaker(s): Dr SAMBIT, Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/486305

The engineering of large complex systems is an evolving discipline. System engineers and managers alike must know how today’s realities are changing the application of systems engineering thanks to technological advances, shifting resource availability and types, greatly increasing data volumes, new design and implementation strategies, and more. The resulting impacts of modified and new processes, methodologies, and tools must be judged in relation to existing systems engineering management practices to emphasize areas of improvement. Chief among these impacted areas of change are the following topics: 1) Supply Chain Issues 2) Environmental Concerns 3) Modeling Trends 4) New Terminology/Concepts 5) Resilient (Reliable) Systems 6) Data-Driven Decision Making 7) Recycling and Reusing of Complex Systems Speaker(s): JOHN, Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/485843

This session will explore the critical role of standardized terminology in engineering practice, project development, compliance, and interdisciplinary collaboration. Participants will learn how IEEE 100 establishes a universal technical language, reduces ambiguity in design and documentation, and supports system interoperability and safety across modern electrical and electronic engineering fields. Real-world examples will demonstrate how mastering IEEE 100 terminology ensures precision in technical communication and professional excellence. PDH certificates will be provided. Offered by the IEEE Oklahoma City Section as part of the Standard Electrical and Electronic Engineering (SEEE) Workshop Series. Speaker(s): Reza Kandezy Room: N0202, Bldg: Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 Boyd St, , OK 73019, Norman, Oklahoma, United States, Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/483188

Updates and planning for the month of June Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/483779

Free Registration (with a Zoom account; you can get one for free if you don't already have it. This requirement is to avoid Zoom bombing. Please sign in using the email address tied to your Zoom account — not necessarily the one you used to register for the event.): https://sjsu.zoom.us/meeting/register/vo5r9OqaSFuqKsuFcww7Cg Synopsis: AR/VR devices promise a new era of immersive computing, where our everyday experience is augmented with helpful information (Augmented Reality), or where we are immersed in fully virtual worlds (Virtual Reality). These systems fuse the physical world and the virtual world through computing resources to provide these immersive experiences rendered on the user's headset. As a result, it allows new opportunities for attackers to compromise the security and privacy of users that are not well understood. Towards understanding the security and privacy challenges in these systems, this talk presents a number of recent attacks we developed on AR/VR systems. One threat model exploits the shared computing resources used by multiple applications on a headset to extract information through side channels; we show attacks that spy on user activity or compromise privacy. Another threat model exploits the shared state among multiple users in a multi-user application, allowing malicious users to inject compromised information or to recover information they are not allowed to access. Other threat models include those that interfere with applications and cause the virtual model to become out of sync with the physical world, causing user motion sickness or bypassing safety guardrails. I will conclude with a discussion of potential defenses and ways to build more secure AR/VR experiences. --------------------------------------------------------------- By registering for this event, you agree that IEEE and the organizers are not liable to you for any loss, damage, injury, or any incidental, indirect, special, consequential, or economic loss or damage (including loss of opportunity, exemplary or punitive damages). The event will be recorded and will be made available for public viewing. Co-sponsored by: Vishnu S. Pendyala, SJSU Speaker(s): Dr. Vishnu S. Pendyala, Prof. Nael Abu-Ghazaleh Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/485364

This workshop introduces the principles and practices of systematically capturing, structuring, and verifying engineering system requirements. Participants will explore how IEEE 1233 ensures that designs meet technical, safety, compliance, and operational goals from the very beginning of the engineering process. Real-world case studies will illustrate how rigorous requirements development prevents costly design flaws, strengthens project outcomes, and improves system reliability. PDH certificates will be provided. Offered by the IEEE Oklahoma City Section as part of the Standard Electrical and Electronic Engineering (SEEE) Workshop Series. Speaker(s): Reza Kandezy Room: N0202, Bldg: Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 Boyd St, Norman, Oklahoma, United States, 73019-1102, Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/483192

See agenda below. Agenda: Agenda Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/463090

The meeting will start with signing in for engineering credits, dinner and a presentation on the design of homes for Wind Mitigation and Fortified Home Program. Designing homes to withstand most wind, Rain, Snow and Hail Damage. Co-sponsored by: Louisiana Society of Engineers (LES) Speaker(s): Remy, Agenda: 6:00pm-cst 1800hrs-cst Register for the meeting and engineering education credits as well as social 7:00pm-cst 1900hrs-cst Dinner 7:45pm-cst 1945hrs-cst "Strengthening Louisiana homes through Wind Mitigation and the Fortified Home Program" 9:00pm-cst 2100hrs-cst Adjourn the meeting Bldg: Pascal's Manale, Pascal's Manale, 1838 Nepoleon Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, 70115

EMBS EXCOM Planning meeting for the activities for the rest of the year. 365 Kitchen, 8124 Agora Pkwy #200, , Selma, Texas, United States, 78154

This session explores the methodologies and standards for achieving precision in waveform digitization, critical for accurate data acquisition and system analysis. Participants will learn how IEEE 1057 defines performance parameters, test methods, and validation techniques to ensure reliable, repeatable measurements in modern electrical and electronic systems. The workshop emphasizes how precision digitization forms the foundation of trustworthy simulations, controls, diagnostics, and signal processing. PDH certificates will be provided. Offered by the IEEE Oklahoma City Section as part of the Standard Electrical and Electronic Engineering (SEEE) Workshop Series. Speaker(s): Reza Kandezy Room: N0202, Bldg: Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 Boyd St, Norman, Oklahoma, United States, 73019-1102, Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/483194

Reinforcement learning has gained traction in research as a machine learning method for the control of autonomous vehicles. Its paradigm of learning by traversing through a series of states has shown to work well with the dynamic nature of driving. However, for safety reasons, much of the research effort is performed in simulators. This work sought to utilize a driving simulator to train an autonomous vehicle using various reinforcement learning methods, with the goal of the vehicle to reach a destination while staying within the road and avoiding collisions with other obstacles. Three methods were explored. The first utilized a Deep Q-Network (DQN) based algorithm with the state being defined by direct values and reward shaping. The second method extended upon the first, utilizing a Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) based algorithm. It included additions to the reward function based on lessons learned and experimentation with a CNN based state representation. It was shown to learn to solve a driving scenario with less needed steps, as compared to the first method. The final method utilized behavioral cloning with images as its state representation. It was shown to be a minor improvement over its baseline. Talk is limited to US citizens. Registration is required for non-SwRI employees. Lunch will be provided. Speaker(s): Joseph Clemmons Bldg: Building 51, 6220 Culebra Rd, San Antonio, Texas, United States, 78238

Anatomy of an Accident: How Sloppy work and a Lack of Documentation Caused Massive Payouts! On Thursday morning, January 7, 1999, a woman walking to work died on the sidewalk in front of UTSA downtown. The cause was ruled as electrocution from an energized metal lid in the sidewalk. The resultant investigation revealed a lack of final inspection on the original work and many problems with subsequent work. Enough that San Antonio’s Central Power Supply (CPS) and others paid out a combined $6.4M. James Mercier, who was at that time an engineer for the Texas Department of Transportation, will present and discuss the various errors discovered from his investigation for TxDOT and in the court records. Long after the court case was settled, James may have figured out what really happened that day! Speaker(s): James, Agenda: - Introduction - Presentation by Mr. James Mercier Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/482904

At the door, there is a $15.00 fee for Members, $20:00 for Guests and $5.00 for Students. to cover cost of the meal. We accept Cash or Check, no credit cards. Exact amounts preferable. Remainder of the tab will be picked up by the PES and LMAG. Generally attendees only pay 70% of the cost of their meal. Speaker(s): Dr.Pickett, Agenda: 11:00 Set up time 11:30am: Social & Announcements: Call to order 12:00pm: Lunch 12:30pm: Technical talk and discussion 1::00pm: adjourn Room: Private Meeting Room, Bldg: La Fonda, 8633 Crownhill Blvd, San Antonio, Texas, United States, 78209

Abstract As organizations accelerate cloud app modernization, AI-powered DevOps is one of the most transformative enablers. AI is rapidly reshaping how modern cloud applications are built, deployed, and managed, from automating deployments to intelligent monitoring and self-healing infrastructure. In this 40-minute session, we will explore: - The evolving role of AI in DevOps pipelines to accelerate cloud app delivery and infrastructure management. - AI-driven deployment automation, monitoring, and incident management for modern cloud applications. - How generative AI models enable code generation, auto-remediation, and intelligent CI/CD pipelines. - Case studies from cloud platforms (AWS, Azure, GCP) showcasing AI-powered DevOps in action. By attending this session, DevOps engineers, cloud architects, and engineering leaders will learn practical methods to infuse AI into their cloud app modernization journey, ensuring faster delivery, higher resilience, and lower operational costs. Speaker(s): Akshay Mittal Agenda: 6:25to 6:35 PM - Open for participants to enter and network. 6:35 to 6:40 PM - IEEE LM and CTCN Business meeting and to introduce speaker. 6:40 to 7:55PM - Formal Program and Q&A. Room: 1, Bldg: Asian American Resource Center, 8401 Cameron Rd., Austin, Texas, United States, 78754, Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/485864

With the rising interest in edge computing, and the addition of AI/ML functionality, nanopower circuits are in great demand to reduce the quiescent power consumption of remote sensors. Moreover, due to limited battery size, energy harvesting is used to provide more power to sensors and to extend the lifetime. In this tutorial, fundamental building blocks for nanopower circuits will be covered, including startupless low-voltage references, low-frequency clocks, and LDO regulators. Energy harvesters as well as fundamental energy harvesting interface circuits will be surveyed. Attendees can expect a deep dive into fundamental and practical analog techniques to design nanopower systems. Speaker(s): Joey, TBD, Colorado, United States

Nanopower design Agenda: 6:00 pm Doors Open 6:30 pm Welcome-Kris Waage 6:45 pm Did'ja Hear?- Scott Evans 7:00 pm Main Presentation 8:30 pm End Loveland, Colorado, United States, 80537, Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/481716

TBD Agenda: 6:00 pm Doors Open 6:30 pm Welcome-Kris Waage 6:45 pm Did'ja Hear? Scott Evans 7:00 pm Main Presentation 8:30 pm End Loveland, Colorado, United States, 80537

This session examines the critical concepts and testing methodologies behind high-accuracy data conversion in modern electronic systems. Participants will explore how IEEE 1241 defines standardized terms, performance metrics, and evaluation procedures to ensure consistency and precision in analog-to-digital conversion. The workshop emphasizes the importance of reliable data conversion for embedded systems, communication networks, measurement instrumentation, and control systems. PDH certificates will be provided. Offered by the IEEE Oklahoma City Section as part of the Standard Electrical and Electronic Engineering (SEEE) Workshop Series. Speaker(s): Reza Kandezy Room: N0202, Bldg: Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 Boyd St, Norman, Oklahoma, United States, 73019-1102, Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/483200

Convoy of Hope is a faith-based humanitarian organization dedicated to transforming lives in the U.S. and around the world. With a focus on ending generational poverty, Convoy runs impactful programs including children’s feeding initiatives, women’s empowerment efforts, and sustainable agriculture development. Beyond these core programs, Convoy of Hope is a critical first responder when disaster strikes. With a specialized fleet of vehicles and a trained response team, they deliver essential relief supplies to communities hit by natural and humanitarian crises. In 2024 alone, Convoy responded to 99 disasters both domestically and internationally. What sets Convoy’s Disaster Response team apart is their innovative model for serving survivors—something we’ll explore in more detail during the MOVE USA Tech Talk. Co-sponsored by: IEEE-USA MOVE Program Speaker(s): Ethan Forhetz Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/463714

This session introduces the fundamental concepts and practical applications of boundary-scan testing, enabling engineers to efficiently validate, diagnose, and program complex electronic circuits. Participants will explore how IEEE 1149.1 revolutionizes PCB and IC testing by minimizing physical test points, supporting in-system programming, and enhancing system-level diagnostics. The workshop highlights how mastering boundary-scan methods ensures design for testability, improves production yields, and simplifies troubleshooting in embedded systems. PDH certificates will be provided. Offered by the IEEE Oklahoma City Section as part of the Standard Electrical and Electronic Engineering (SEEE) Workshop Series. Speaker(s): Reza Kandezy Room: N0202, Bldg: Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 Boyd St, Norman, Oklahoma, United States, 73019-1102, Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/483202

June 2025 Executive Committee Meeting for the Kansas City Section of IEEE (R50019) Agenda: - Call to Order - Old Business - New Business - Regional Updates - Chapter Updates - Next Meeting - Adjournment Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/486201

The "Per Unit System Refresher" session is designed to provide a review of the per unit system, a fundamental concept in electrical engineering. This refresher aims to reinforce participants' understanding of base values, conversion methods, and calculations within the per unit framework. By revisiting key principles and exploring practical applications, the session will highlight the advantages of using the per unit system for simplifying complex calculations and ensuring consistency in analysis. Speaker Name: Muhammad Hamid Agenda: AGENDA: - Welcome and Introductions - Review of Per Unit Systems - Revisiting the Fundamentals - Calculation Examples - Q&A Session Room: Lincoln Center 2 Conference Room., Bldg: Suite 400 Dallas,, Two Lincoln Centre, 5420 LBJ Freeway, , Dallas, Texas, United States, TX 75240.

This session explores advanced techniques for embedded instrumentation access, enabling engineers to perform in-depth diagnostics, monitoring, and configuration inside complex integrated circuits. Participants will learn how IEEE 1687 extends traditional JTAG capabilities to internal chip structures, standardizing access protocols and significantly enhancing system-level debug, validation, and maintenance processes. The workshop highlights how mastering iJTAG accelerates testing, improves system observability, and reduces product development cycles in modern electronic design. PDH certificates will be provided. Offered by the IEEE Oklahoma City Section as part of the Standard Electrical and Electronic Engineering (SEEE) Workshop Series. Speaker(s): Reza Kandezy Room: N0202, Bldg: Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 Boyd St, Norman, Oklahoma, United States, 73019-1102, Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/483204

This year's theme is Pioneering Safe Cyberspace: Bridging Technology and Light for Security. Join distinguished panelists for a discussion in cybersecurity at Southwest Research Institute. Registration is open to the public. Co-sponsored by: Southwest Research Institute Women in Science and Engineering (WiSE ERG) Agenda: 11:45 AM - Lunch Served 12:00 PM - Panel Begins 12:45 PM - Open Q&A Room: 1st Floor Presentation Room, Bldg: 263, 1223 Martin Goland Ave, San Antonio, Texas, United States, 78238, Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/486311

This session examines the critical frameworks that enable sensors and actuators to communicate efficiently, reliably, and interoperably across a wide range of systems. Participants will learn how IEEE 1451 standardizes interfaces for smart transducers, enabling plug-and-play capabilities, remote configuration, and seamless integration into larger networked environments. The workshop emphasizes how mastering IEEE 1451 empowers engineers to build scalable, intelligent systems essential for IoT, industrial automation, and smart infrastructure projects. PDH certificates will be provided. Offered by the IEEE Oklahoma City Section as part of the Standard Electrical and Electronic Engineering (SEEE) Workshop Series. Speaker(s): Reza Kandezy Room: N0202, Bldg: Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 Boyd St, Norman, Oklahoma, United States, 73019-1102, Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/483205

IEEE Central Texas Section Monthly ExCom Meeting Agenda: Officer Reports Committee Reports Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/469219

Monthly Lone Star Section Executive Committee Meeting Agenda: Room: CR 1.102, Bldg: 168, Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas, United States, 78238, Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/455834

This session explores the foundational technologies behind wired and wireless network communications, highlighting how Ethernet and Wi-Fi standards govern speed, reliability, and interoperability across modern engineering systems. Participants will learn the architecture, protocols, performance benchmarks, and deployment considerations that define Ethernet and wireless LANs in industrial, commercial, and consumer environments. The workshop emphasizes how mastering IEEE 802.3 and IEEE 802.11 is critical for designing scalable, secure, and high-performance networked systems — from embedded devices to smart infrastructures. PDH certificates will be provided. Offered by the IEEE Oklahoma City Section as part of the Standard Electrical and Electronic Engineering (SEEE) Workshop Series. Speaker(s): Reza Kandezy Room: N0202, Bldg: Sarkeys Energy Center, 100 Boyd St, Norman, Oklahoma, United States, 73019-1102, Virtual: https://events.vtools.ieee.org/m/483207

Come join us on Saturday, 5Jul2025, for a tour of the Arvest Ballpark and stay for the game and fireworks show! We secured a group rate for tickets which cost $10 per person, Kids 3 and under are free. You should be able to pay for the ticket using the IEEE vTools system. We will need to give them a final ticket count by 5Jun2025. We will plan to meet at the Main Gate at 5pm for the tour, at which time they will scan our tickets, then meet with creative services coordinator. They will tour the controls for the Score Boards and Broadcast areas, along with other interesting communications and automation systems. [] Room: Main Gate, 3000 Gene George Blvd, Springdale, Arkansas, United States, 72762